Surgical management of urethral obstruction secondary to perineal liposarcoma in a dog: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Swelling of the perineal region in male dogs is most commonly caused by a perineal hernia. Clinical signs associated with perineal hernia are constipation, tenesmus or stranguria. This case report documents a rare cause of perineal swelling created by the growth of a malignant tumour leading to urethral obstruction and subsequent stranguria. CASE PRESENTATION: An 11-year-old neutered male German Shepherd was presented for swelling in the perineal region and stranguria for three days. Complete blood count and serum biochemistry were unremarkable. Ultrasound revealed a heterogeneous mass in the perineal region. Retrograde urethrography showed a severe narrowing of the urethra caudal to the pelvis. A fine-needle aspirate of the mass was highly suspicious for liposarcoma. Staging was performed by computed tomography (CT) of the thorax and abdomen. Total penile amputation in combination with pubic-ischial pelvic osteotomy, transposition of the remaining urethra through the inguinal canal, V-Y-plasty cranial to the prepuce and preputial urethrostomy were performed to remove the tumour. Histopathology confirmed a well-differentiated liposarcoma with complete histological margins. Six months after the surgery the dog was doing well and there were no signs indicating local tumour recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: Wide surgical excision is generally recommended for soft tissue sarcomas, however this is sometimes not feasible for large tumours. In the case reported here, tumour resection was achieved by a combination of several surgical techniques with a good clinical outcome.

Dimensional and spatial computed tomographic abnormalities of the rectum and prostate are only partly reversible after surgical repair of perineal hernia in dogs.

Caudal protrusion of pelvic organs and dilatation and deviation of the rectum with perineal hernia (PH) have not previously been studied using CT, and it is not known how completely the changes normalize after PH repair. Objectives of this prospective experimental case series were to evaluate the dimensions and shape of the rectum and the volume, location, and other features (enhancement pattern, presence of cysts, and mineralizations) of the prostate of 66 dogs on CT before and 3 months after PH repair. The rectal cross-sectional areas were measured at intrapelvic and caudal locations, and the shape was categorized as straight, deviated, flexure, or caudal fold on dorsal images. According to paired samples t-tests, the caudal rectal dimensions were significantly larger (P < .001) than the intrapelvic dimensions both before and 3 months after PH repair, and according to linear mixed models, the intrapelvic dimensions increased significantly (P < .001) after repair. Before PH repair, the most common rectal shape was flexure (69.2%); after repair, the number of dogs having a straight rectum increased significantly (P < .001) according to the McNemar paired-samples proportion test. We were also able to show that rectal dimensions increased after PH repair despite straightening in most dogs. According to the linear mixed model, prostate ratio volume, and according to Wilcoxon signed ranks test, the number of prostates with intraprostatic cysts decreased significantly (both P < .001) after PH repair, but the proportion of prostates located in the caudal or perineal area did not. Small mineralizations remained in some dogs.

Recurrent Perineal Hernia in a Female Cat Diagnosed by Positive-Contrast Vaginourethrocystogram.

A 9 yr old female spayed domestic shorthair was presented with a 12-day history of stranguria. Six years previously, the cat had a bilateral perineal herniorrhaphy with cystopexy and pubic osteotomy. At presentation, survey radiographs and a positive-contrast vaginourethrocystogram were performed, which revealed cystolithiasis and recurrent bilateral perineal hernias with bladder retroflexion. A cystopexy was repeated, followed by bilateral perineal repairs using the internal obturator muscle flap transposition. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first reported case of a perineal hernia with recurrent bladder retroflexion after cystopexy diagnosed with positive-contrast vaginourethrocystogram in a female cat.

Evaluation of semitendinosus muscle transposition for treatment of perineal hernias in 33 small-breed dogs.

Little is known about the perioperative complications and treatment outcomes of repairing perineal hernias using semitendinosus muscle transposition (SMT) in small-breed dogs. The objective of this study was to retrospectively evaluate the complications and prognosis of perineal hernia repair using SMT in 33 small, male dogs (weighing < 15 kg). Before the study began, the medical records of all small-breed dogs that underwent SMT from March 2013 to June 2022 at the Veterinary Medical Center, University of Tokyo were analyzed, and telephone interviews were conducted with their owners or referring physicians. Short-term complications were observed in 42.4% of the patients. Lameness was the most common complication, although all cases were resolved within a few days. The recurrence rate during the study period (median: 265 d) was 9.1%. The results of this study showed that transposition of the semitendinosus muscle is more invasive than other surgical procedures for perineal hernias. It is, however, an effective alternative when repair with internal obturator muscle transposition alone is expected to be difficult, such as severe atrophy of the internal obturator muscle or herniation in the ventral direction, and in cases with a history of surgery by transposition of the internal obturator muscle.

On sait peu de choses sur les complications peropératoires et les résultats du traitement de la réparation des hernies périnéales à l'aide de la transposition du muscle semi-tendineux (SMT) chez les chiens de petite race. L'objectif de cette étude était d'évaluer rétrospectivement les complications et le pronostic de la réparation d'une hernie périnéale par SMT chez 33 petits chiens mâles (pesant < 15 kg). Avant le début de l'étude, les dossiers médicaux de tous les chiens de petite race ayant subi une SMT de mars 2013 à juin 2022 au Veterinary Medical Center de l'Université de Tokyo ont été analysés et des entrevues téléphoniques ont été menées avec leurs propriétaires ou médecins vétérinaires référents. Des complications à court terme ont été observées chez 42,4 % des patients. La boiterie était la complication la plus courante, bien que tous les cas aient été résolus en quelques jours. Le taux de récidive au cours de la période d'étude (médiane: 265 jours) était de 9,1 %. Les résultats de cette étude ont démontré que la transposition du muscle semi-tendineux est plus invasive que les autres interventions chirurgicales pour les hernies périnéales. Il s'agit cependant d'une alternative efficace lorsque la réparation par transposition du muscle obturateur interne seul s'annonce difficile, comme une atrophie sévère du muscle obturateur interne ou une hernie dans le sens ventral, et dans les cas d'antécédents chirurgicaux par transposition du muscle obturateur interne.(Traduit par Docteur Serge Messier).

Laparoscopic peritoneopericardial herniorrhaphy in 2 dogs.

Two peritoneopericardial hernias (PPDH) repaired laparoscopically are reported. Both PPDHs were approached with the dog in dorsal recumbency. Herniated organs (gallbladder and 2 liver lobes in Case 1 and omental fat in Case 2) were dissected and reduced. Hernias were closed in a 2-layer horizontal mattress pattern using 2-0 polyester (Case 1), and in a single-layer simple continuous pattern using 0 barbed polyglyconate (Case 2). Reduction and herniorrhaphy were achieved without conversion. Moderate to severe systemic hypotension was observed in both dogs which responded rapidly to reducing abdominal insufflation. Ten- and 7-month follow-up confirmed good clinical outcome in both dogs.

Herniorraphie péritonéo-péricardique laparoscopique chez deux chiens. Deux hernies péritonéopéricardiques (PPDH) réparées par laparoscopie sont rapportées. Les deux PPDHs ont été réalisées avec le chien en décubitus dorsal. Les organes herniés (vésicule biliaire et deux lobes hépatiques dans le cas 1 et graisse épiploïque dans le cas 2) ont été disséqués et réduits. Les hernies ont été fermées avec un patron de suture matelas horizontal à deux couches en utilisant du polyester 2-0 (cas 1) et avec un modèle de suture continu simple à une seule couche en utilisant du polyglyconate barbelé 0 (cas 2). La réduction et l'herniorraphie ont été réalisées sans conversion. Une hypotension systémique modérée à sévère a été observée chez les deux chiens qui ont répondu rapidement à la réduction de l'insufflation abdominale. Un suivi de dix et sept mois a confirmé de bons résultats cliniques chez les deux chiens.(Traduit par Dr Serge Messier).

Umbilical Cord Herniation With Small Intestinal Evisceration in Two Thoroughbred Neonates.

This report describes two cases of spontaneous small intestinal evisceration via normally inserted umbilical stumps, without abdominal wall trauma. Both cases occurred immediately following uneventful parturition. The authors believe that these represent cases of umbilical cord herniation. This is a well-recognised condition in humans, but has not been previously described in equines. One foal died before veterinary intervention. The second foal underwent a jejunal resection with end-to-end anastomosis and survived to successfully race. This report describes a previously unrecognised condition and highlights the importance of rapid and appropriate intervention on farm.

Perineal hernia repair in dorsal recumbency in 23 dogs: Description of technique, complications, and outcome.

OBJECTIVE: To describe repair of perineal hernias in dogs positioned in dorsal recumbency. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective case series. SAMPLE POPULATION: Twenty-three dogs with perineal hernias treated by herniorrhaphy, with or without adjunctive procedures. METHODS: Medical records from 2016 to 2020 were reviewed for technique description and animal outcomes, and owners and referring veterinarians were contacted for follow-up information. RESULTS: Internal obturator muscle transposition (IOMT) was performed in 22 dogs, and polypropylene mesh repair was performed in one dog. Transection of the internal obturator tendon was feasible in all dogs undergoing IOMT. Eighteen dogs underwent abdominal pexy procedures, castration, or both during the same anesthetic period. No intraoperative complications were noted. Postoperative complications were noted in the hospital in 14 dogs and after release in 11. Incisional infection/drainage and persistent urinary incontinence were reported in four and two dogs, respectively. Hernias reoccurred in four dogs and tended to be more common in dogs that had undergone previous herniorrhaphies (p = .053). Recurrence rates were lowest in dogs that had no prior hernia repair or organ pexy (p = .035). CONCLUSION: Perineal hernia repair was feasible in dorsal recumbency. Complication and recurrence rates of perineal herniorrhaphy in dorsal recumbency were similar to those reported for dogs undergoing the procedure in sternal recumbency. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Positioning of patients for perineal hernia repair can be dictated by surgeon preference. Perineal hernia repair in dorsal recumbency allows a single-stage abdominal and perineal approach without repositioning.

Prosthetic polyester-based hybrid mesh for repairing of perineal hernia in dogs.

Background: This study involves the use of a new multifunctional prosthetic mesh for treatment of the perineal hernia without complications. The prosthetic mesh is a hybrid platform of both synthetic and natural materials, mainly consisting of a synthetic commercial polyester fabric (CPF) to deliver the required mechanical integrity. The CPF mesh was coated by a natural biodegradable, biocompatible, and antimicrobial layer of chitosan incorporating phenytoin-loaded pluronic nanomicelles for healing promotion and ciprofloxacin-alginate polyelectrolyte complex-based microparticles as antibacterial agent. Aim: To evaluate the new developed multifunction polyester-based hybridmesh to repair perineal hernia clinical cases in dogs. Methods: The used multifunctional prosthetic mesh is a hybrid of the natural biodegradable, biocompatible, and antimicrobial material used in six cases with perineal hernia. Results: The prosthetic polyester-based hybrid mesh was found very helpful in repairing clinical cases of perineal hernias in six dogs without unwarranted other surgical procedures or complications. The developed mesh proved its feasibility in terms of efficient biocompatibility, stability, sterilizability, and low cost. Conclusion: The prosthetic commercial polyester-based mesh provided the ideal and feasible alternative prosthesis with many advantages.

CT imaging of dogs with perineal hernia reveals large prostates with morphological and spatial abnormalities.

The etiology of canine perineal hernia (PH) remains unclear, although as a disease of older male dogs, it is likely to be hormonal. The role of the prostate in the formation of PH has been questioned; however, prospective and systematic evaluation of prostates in these dogs is absent in the literature. In this prospective case-control study, CT imaging was used to assess prostatic changes in dogs with PH (n = 46) and compare these findings with those of intact age-matched male dogs (n = 23). Using the OsiriX® DICOM viewer, we measured prostatic volume and correlated it with the size of the dog by using the length of the sixth lumbar vertebra. In addition, we recorded spatial and morphological changes of the prostate, such as heterogenicity, intra- and paraprostatic cysts, and mineralizations, as well as prostatic location and rotation. We found that dogs with PH had larger prostates (P < .001) that more often contained cysts (P < .001) and had larger cyst diameters (P = .013) than age-matched controls. Prostates of PH dogs also contained paraprostatic cysts (17.4%) and focal mineralizations (32.6%), which were absent in the control group. Abnormal rotation and location of the prostate were common in dogs with PH. In conclusion, these findings support the use of CT as an adjunct diagnostic imaging modality for the evaluation of the prostate in dogs with PH. Further studies are needed to evaluate nonprostatic CT findings in the pelvic cavity of PH dogs.

Laparoscopic ovariohysterectomy for dogs under 5 kg body weight.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the surgical method, operative time, safety, and usefulness of 3-port laparoscopic ovariohysterectomy (LOHE) using an ultrasonic coagulation and incision device in dogs <5 kg. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective study. ANIMALS: Female dogs (n = 147). METHODS: Animals were allocated to one of four groups by bodyweight: <2 kg (n = 18), 2-3 kg (n = 37), 3-4 kg (n = 55), and 4-5 kg (n = 37). All surgical procedures were recorded on video. Mean operative time (i.e., time from first skin incision to last suture), clinical variables, hematologic variables, and blood biochemistry were recorded. Intrasurgical and postsurgical complications were recorded, and wound complications, including signs of inflammation or hernia formation were monitored for 3 months. RESULTS: The mean operative time for all groups was 18 min, with no significant differences between groups. Eight dogs bled from the mesometrium during surgery. Two dogs had hernia formation at a midline port incision; this complication developed by month 3. No complications such as wound dehiscence or infection of the surgical field were observed at the time of suture removal in any of the dogs. CONCLUSION: We performed LOHE using an ultrasonic coagulation and incision device in dogs <5 kg, and found it to be a safe procedure with minimal complications. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: We believe that LOHE, using a 3-port and ultrasonic coagulation and incision device, is a safe, useful, and minimally invasive surgical method for sterilization of dogs <5 kg with minimal complications.

An unusual case of traumatic dorsolateral sacral hernia with retroflexion of the urinary bladder in a cat.

Background: Perineal hernias are rarely seen in cats and can be caused by congenital or trauma. The urinary bladder is the most herniated organ and was being observed in prepubic, ventral perineal, umbilical, or caudoventral abdominal regions. Case Description: A 1-year-old female domestic short-haired cat was presented to the Animal Hospital of the Near East University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine with complaints of urinary retention as well as the inability to defecate. The patient owner reported that the cat had been struck by a car around 4 months previously, which resulted in a pelvic fracture. On clinical examination, a fluctuating mass was detected in the dorso-lateral region of the pelvis. After radiographic and ultrasonographic examination, the mass was diagnosed as the urinary bladder. A cystopexy operation was performed on the urinary bladder, which herniated through a muscular tear to the right dorsolateral pelvic region. Conclusion: Unusual case report of a sacral hernia resulting from a traumatic rupture of the sacral muscles together with urinary bladder retroflexion was reported in a cat.

Jejunal strangulation and incarceration associated with bilateral perineal hernias in a neutered male dog.

CASE DESCRIPTION: An 8-year-old 6.8-kg neutered male Dachshund was presented for evaluation of vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia, and swelling over the right perineal region. The dog had a history of a bilateral perineal herniorrhaphy and castration 14 months prior to presentation. CLINICAL FINDINGS: Bilateral perineal hernias were confirmed by digital rectal examination. Abdominal ultrasonography confirmed the presence of intestine within the right hernia. Three days after admission to the hospital, the region of the right perineal hernia became painful, erythematous, and edematous. Computed tomography revealed jejunal incarceration within the right hernia with dilation of 1 jejunal segment that indicated intestinal obstruction. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME: Abdominal exploratory surgery was performed, during which irreducible small intestinal incarceration was confirmed. Intra-abdominal jejunal resection and anastomosis was performed, and an approximately 13-cm-long section of the jejunum was resected. Bilateral perineal herniorrhaphies with internal obturator and superficial gluteal muscle transposition were performed. Six months after surgery, digital rectal examination of the dog revealed that the repair was intact. The dog had no perineal hernia-related clinical signs at the time of the recheck examination. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: For the dog of the present report, surgical management of small intestinal strangulation associated with a perineal hernia was successful. Although a portion of the small intestines can frequently be found within perineal hernias in dogs, perineal hernia-related small intestinal strangulation has not been previously described, to the authors' knowledge. Veterinarians and clients should be aware of this potential complication secondary to perineal hernia and be prepared to perform an abdominal surgical procedure to address small intestinal incarceration in affected dogs.

A novel technique to incorporate the sacrotuberous ligament in perineal herniorrhaphy in 47 dogs.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the technique and outcomes after placement of sutures around the sacrotuberous ligament during perineal hernia (PH) repair in dogs. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective single-center study. ANIMALS: Dogs (n = 47) with PH. METHODS: Medical records of dogs treated for PH between 2002 and 2020 were reviewed. Dogs were included when sutures had been placed around the sacrotuberous ligament. Short-term outcomes and intraoperative and postoperative complications were recorded. Long-term outcome was assessed with a questionnaire completed by owners. RESULTS: Twenty-eight of 47 dogs were medium or large breeds. The primary clinical sign was tenesmus in 43 dogs and dysuria-stranguria in four dogs. Bilateral hernias were detected in 17 dogs. No intraoperative complications occurred. Median surgical time was 50 minutes for unilateral PH and 120 minutes for bilateral PH. Minor postoperative complications consisting of surgical wound swelling (9), wound dehiscence (4), and temporary tenesmus (2) occurred in 10 dogs. No major complications or recurrence were reported. The only factors associated with an increased risk of complications included increasing age (P = .019) and surgical treatment of a recurrent PH (P = .043). Owners consistently reported good long-term outcomes. CONCLUSION: The PH repair described in this study resulted in good long-term outcomes without major complications. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Placement of sutures around the sacrotuberous ligament represents an alternative during PH, but anatomical knowledge of the sciatic nerve and caudal gluteal vessels is required.

Redução de hérnia escrotal com protusão de omento em um cão / Reducing escrotal hernia with oment protusion in dog

Hérnia é uma protrusão de vísceras através de um orifício adquirido, tendo como constituintes o anel, conteúdo e saco herniário. As hérnias escrotais ocorrem quando, por algum defeito no anel inguinal, alguma víscera se desloca por ele, chegando até a bolsa escrotal. Sua etiologia não é completamenteelucidada, sendo a elevação da pressão intra-abdominal um dos prováveis desencadeadores. Em caninos, essa é uma condição rara e os poucos relatos citam em animais jovens. Objetivou-se descrever a ocorrência de uma hérnia escrotal unilateral esquerda com protrusão de omento maior em um cão da raça Dachshund com 14 anos de idade e com 12,1 kg de peso corporal. Para a redução do conteúdo à cavidade abdominal, foi necessária a realização de incisão na região inguinal cranial, abertura do saco herniário e a orquiectomia. Destaca-se a importância do tratamento cirúrgico da hérnia escrotal, bem como a inclusão dessa afecção no diagnóstico diferencial para afecções testiculares de cães adultos ou idosos.

Hernia is a protrusion of viscera through an acquired orifice, having as constituents the ring, contents and hernial sac. Scrotal hernias occur when, due to a defect in the inguinal ring, some viscera travel through it, reaching the scrotum. Its etiology is not completely elucidated, and the increase in intra-abdominal pressure is one of the probable triggers. In canines, this is a rare condition and the few reports mention it in young animals. The objective was to describe the occurrence of a left unilateral scrotal hernia with protrusion of the greater omentum in a 14-year-old Dachshund dog weighing 12.1 kg of body weight. To reduce the content of the abdominal cavity, it was necessary to make an incision in the cranial inguinal region, open the hernial sac and orchiectomy. The importance of surgical treatment of scrotal hernia is highlighted, as well as the inclusion of this condition in the differential diagnosis for testicular disorders of adult or elderly dogs.

Superficial swellings in camels (Camelus dromedarius): Clinical and ultrasonographic findings.

This study describes the clinical and ultrasonographic features of superficial swellings in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) and evaluates the role of ultrasonography (US) in diagnosing and surgical planning or making treatment decisions for such swellings. One hundred and twenty-three camels of both sexes were included in this study based on the clinical and US evidence of superficial swellings varying in type, stage, content, and site. Clinical and US evaluation of these superficial swellings resulted in diagnoses of abscess (30.08%), hernia (26.83%), cyst (16.26%), tumor (13.01%), hematoma (6.50%), bursitis (3.25%), aneurysm (2.44%), and grade III muscle strain (1.63%). US yielded a higher sensitivity (91-100%) and specificity (97-100%) than clinical examination (75-91%) in differentiating the superficial swellings. The highest specificity value for US in evaluating the swellings was 100% for hernias, cysts, and tumors, while the lowest specificity values were recorded for hematomas (97%), followed by aneurysms (98%). In conclusion, US is a reliable and accurate tool providing rapid differential diagnosis, thus enabling treatment options for different superficial swellings in camels when clinical examinations are inconclusive.

Túnica vaginal autógena para herniorrafia perineal em cães / Autogenous tunica vaginalis for perineal herniorrhaphy in dogs

A túnica vaginal possui características ideais para enxertia e já foi empregada na reparação de diversos tecidos, inclusive do diafragma pélvico. Objetivou-se avaliar a aplicabilidade da túnica vaginal como enxerto autógeno livre, em dupla camada, para a reparação do diafragma pélvico em 14 cães portadores de hérnia perineal, das quais, nove eram unilaterais e cinco, bilaterais. Após a orquiectomia, as túnicas de ambos os testículos foram coletadas, sobrepostas e fixadas entre si por meio de quatro pontos de reparo. Foi realizada abordagem ao saco herniário, inspeção, redução do conteúdo herniário, desbridamento muscular e síntese primária mediante sutura. O enxerto foi fixado à musculatura remanescente por meio de pontos simples separados e, posteriormente, encoberto pela sutura intradérmica e por síntese cutânea. Observações transoperatórias e, posteriormente, avaliações clínicas e ultrassonográficas, por período de um ano, permitiram sugerir que a túnica vaginal possui atributos ideais para a reparação do diafragma pélvico. Conclui-se que o enxerto autógeno livre de túnica vaginal, em dupla camada, é exequível e aplicável para o reparo do diafragma pélvico no tratamento da hérnia perineal em cães.(AU)

The tunica vaginalis has ideal characteristics for grafting and has already been used to repair several tissues, including the pelvic diaphragm. The aim of this study was to evaluate the applicability of the tunica vaginalis as a free double-layer autogenous graft to repair the pelvic diaphragm in 14 dogs with perineal hernia, of which, nine were unilateral and five, bilateral. After orchiectomy, the tunics of both testicles were collected, overlapped and fixed to each other by four repair points. The hernial sac was approached, followed by inspection, reduction of the hernia content, muscle debridement and primary synthesis through suture. The graft was attached to the remaining musculature by simple interrupted stitches and later hidden by intradermal suture and cutaneous synthesis. Intraoperative observations and, later, clinical and sonographic evaluations over a one-year period, allow to suggest that the tunica vaginalis has ideal attributes for the pelvic diaphragm repair. It is concluded that the autogenous graft-free of tunica vaginalis in double layer is feasible and applicable in order to repair the pelvic diaphragm in the perineal hernia treatment in dogs.(AU)

Superficial swellings in sheep (Ovis aries) and goats (Capra hircus): Clinical and ultrasonographic findings.

This study describes the clinical presentation of superficial swellings and evaluates the utility of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of such swellings in sheep and goats. Ninety-three sheep and 73 goats were included in this study on the basis of presence of superficial swellings on the head (n=56), neck (n=16), chest wall (n=3), abdominal wall (n=40), umbilicus (n=14), scrotum (n=16), testes (n=1), udder (n=7), limbs (n=2), gluteal region (n=5), tail (n=1), and penile urethra (n=5). Ultrasonographic evaluation of these superficial swellings allowed the diagnosis of abscesses (n=54; 32.52%), cysts (n=12; 7.23%), hernias (n=57; 34.33%), hematomas (n=14; 8.44%), tumors (n=24; 14.45%), and urethral diverticula (n=5; 3.03%). Each lesion type could be precisely discriminated (sensitivity, 88-100%; specificity, 80-100%; and P=0.001). Ultrasonography was found to have a specificity of 100% for the diagnosis of hernias, urethral diverticula, and tumors, and a lower specificity of 80% for hematomas and 93% for abscesses when used for evaluation of superficial swellings in sheep and goats. In conclusion, ultrasonography is a unique, non-invasive diagnostic imaging tool that allows the diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and subsequent surgical treatment of different types of superficial swellings in sheep and goats.

Richter's hernia in a 3-month-old colt - A rare event.

Umbilical hernias are among the most common congenital defects in horses. Complications of umbilical hernias are uncommon, and Richter's hernias are rare. This report describes a case of Richter's hernia in a 3-month-old colt that was presented with signs of acute colic. The foal underwent a herniorrhaphy with intestinal resection and anastomosis.

Hernie de Richter chez un poulain âgé de 3 mois ­ une rare manifestation. Les hernies ombilicales figurent parmi les défauts congénitaux les plus communs chez les chevaux. Les complications des hernies ombilicales sont peu fréquentes et les hernies de Richter sont rares. Ce rapport décrit un poulain âgé de 3 mois qui a été présenté avec des symptômes de coliques aiguës. Le poulain a subi une herniographie ainsi qu'une résection intestinale et une anastomose.(Traduit par Isabelle Vallières).

True Coelomic Hernia and Herniorrhaphy in a Yellow-crowned Amazon Parrot ( Amazona ochrocephala).

An 8-year-old male yellow crowned Amazon parrot ( Amazona ochrocephala) was presented for an 8-month history of intermittent regurgitation, anorexia, and lethargy along with a 3-week history of a soft tissue mass cranial to the vent. Examination revealed a small soft tissue mass, approximately 2 cm in diameter, within the body wall of the coelomic cavity with no discoloration of the surrounding tissue. Full body computed tomography (CT) revealed a defect in the body wall on the ventral coelom from the right paramedian location extending to the right side, which contained intestines. Surgical exploration allowed for reduction of the coelomic hernia, which was encased in fibrous tissue and contained a well-vascularized and motile loop of bowel. The hernia sac was excised before closing the body wall in a simple interrupted pattern. Three months postoperatively, the bird was reported to be doing well at home with no further episodes of regurgitation or anorexia.

Surgical findings and clinical outcome after bilateral repair of apparently unilateral perineal hernias in dogs.

OBJECTIVES: To report the short- and long-term outcomes and recurrence rate in dogs treated for apparently unilateral perineal hernia with bilateral herniorrhaphy, castration, colopexy, vas deferens pexy with or without cystopexy in single-stage procedures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-one client-owned dogs with apparently unilateral perineal hernia were included. Perineal hernias were repaired bilaterally, incorporating internal obturator muscle transposition and the sacro-tuberal ligament, combined with colopexy, vas deferens pexy with or without cystopexy. Preoperative pattern of defaecation, pattern of micturition and rectal alignment were recorded. Surgical time, bilateral surgical perineal findings, postoperative complications, short-, middle- and long-term (>24 months) scores and recurrence rate were documented. RESULTS: A hernia with ectopic tissue and weakness of the pelvic diaphragm was identified bilaterally in all dogs despite the unilateral clinical presentation. The procedure combination was achieved uneventfully in all dogs in 56 to 113 minutes (mean 73 minutes). Complication rate was low, consisting mostly of urinary disorders, most of which resolved within a few days. In all, 93% of dogs were free of clinical signs related to perineal hernia at long-term follow-up (mean 27 months). Recurrence rate was 0%. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Our surgical findings suggest that perineal hernia in dogs might be considered a bilateral disease, even when the presentation is of apparently unilateral signs. Recurrence is rare following bilateral herniorrhaphy combined with colopexy and deferens pexy with or without cystopexy.